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Why women are at greater risk of autoimmune disease is a long-standing medical mystery. Researchers at Stanford University may now be a step closer to unraveling it. 4 out of 5 autoimmune disease ...
Autoimmune diseases can result in systemic or localized symptoms, depending on the given disease. [8] Typical systemic symptoms include fevers, fatigue, muscle aches, joint pain, and rashes; these can be seen in diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Other autoimmune diseases have localized effects on specific organ or tissue types.
In autoimmune diseases, like Sjögren's syndrome (SS), the body produces hyperreactive autoantibodies against the salivary and lacrimal gland tissue. This results in symptoms like dry mouth and dry eyes. The gender distribution in Sjögren's syndrome is heavily skewed towards women, with a ratio of 16:1 in the UK. [90]
Autoimmune disease Primary organ/body part affected Autoantibodies Acceptance as an autoimmune disease Prevalence rate (US) Cit. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: Central nervous system: Unknown Confirmed 0.8 per 100,000 [53] Acute motor axonal neuropathy: Peripheral nerves: Anti-GM1: Confirmed Part of Guillain-Barré syndrome prevalence [54]
Globally, estimates of prevalence vary from 31.0 to 658.6 affected people per million. [47] Systemic sclerosis has a female:male ratio of 3:1 (8:1 in mid- to late childbearing years). Incidence is twice as high among African Americans. Full-blooded Choctaw Native Americans in Oklahoma have the highest prevalence in the world (469 per 100,000). [49]
The first estimate of US prevalence for autoimmune diseases as a group was published in 1997 by Jacobson, et al. They reported US prevalence to be around 9 million, applying prevalence estimates for 24 diseases to a US population of 279 million. [73] Jacobson's work was updated by Hayter & Cook in 2012. [74]
They could present as the first or the only clinical manifestation of the disease. The reported prevalence of autoimmunity ranged from 14% to 54% in CVID patients and is higher for females. The most common autoimmune disorders observed in CVID are autoimmune cytopenia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), AIHA and neutropenia.
European studies suggest a disease incidence of 1 to 2 people affected per 100,000 population with a prevalence of 10 to 25 people per 100,000 population. [42] [46] [47] [48] The disease has a bimodal peak occurring between the ages of 10 and 20 and then later in life between the ages of 40 and 50. [43] [48]
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