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The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low because folate is a water-soluble vitamin and is regularly removed from the body through urine. One potential issue associated with high doses of folic acid is that it has a masking effect on the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia due to vitamin B 12 deficiency, and may even precipitate or exacerbate ...
Because water-soluble B vitamins are eliminated in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins usually only produces transient side effects (only exception is pyridoxine). General side effects may include restlessness, nausea and insomnia. These side effects are almost always caused by dietary supplements and not foodstuffs.
Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins. It is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid (see biosynthesis and structure of coenzyme A figures). Unlike vitamin E or vitamin K, which occurs in several chemically related forms known as vitamers, pantothenic acid is only one chemical compound.
Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin ...
Vitamin B 12 is the most chemically complex of all vitamins, [6] and for humans the only vitamin that must be sourced from animal-derived foods or supplements. [2] [7] Only some archaea and bacteria can synthesize vitamin B 12. [8] Vitamin B 12 deficiency is a widespread condition that is particularly prevalent in populations with low ...
Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be isolated. [71] The earliest observations in humans and in chickens had shown that diets of primarily polished white rice caused beriberi, but did not attribute it to the absence of a previously unknown essential nutrient. [72] [73]
Vitamin B 6 Drug class Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the metabolically active form of vitamin B 6 Class identifiers Use Vitamin B 6 deficiency ATC code A11H Biological target enzyme cofactor Clinical data Drugs.com International Drug Names External links MeSH D025101 Legal status In Wikidata Vitamin B 6 is one of the B vitamins, and is an essential nutrient for humans. The term essential nutrient ...
In appearance, all forms of this coenzyme are white amorphous powders that are hygroscopic and highly water-soluble. [8] The solids are stable if stored dry and in the dark. Solutions of NAD + are colorless and stable for about a week at 4 °C and neutral pH , but decompose rapidly in acidic or alkaline solutions.