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Browsers and other relying parties might use CRLs, or might use alternate certificate revocation technologies (such as OCSP) [4] [5] or CRLSets (a dataset derived from CRLs [6]) to check certificate revocation status. Note that OCSP is falling out of favor due to privacy and performance concerns [7] [8] [9].
The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) stapling, formally known as the TLS Certificate Status Request extension, is a standard for checking the revocation status of X.509 digital certificates. [1]
A certificate revocation list (CRL) enumerates revoked certificates. They are cryptographically authenticated by the issuing CA. [29] CRLs have scalability issues, and rely on the client having enough network access to download them prior to checking a certificate's status. [9]
The OCSP responder uses the certificate serial number to look up the revocation status of Alice's certificate. The OCSP responder looks in a CA database that Carol maintains. In this scenario, Carol's CA database is the only trusted location where a compromise to Alice's certificate would be recorded.
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Certificates that support certificate transparency must include one or more signed certificate timestamps (SCTs), which is a promise from a log operator to include the certificate in their log within a maximum merge delay (MMD). [4] [3] At some point within the maximum merge delay, the log operator adds the certificate to their log.
Checking Revocation Status: each certificate is checked against Certificate Revocation List (CRL) or online status protocols (such as OCSP) to ensure it has not been revoked. Applying Policies: any additional policies specified by the relying party are applied to ensure the certificate path complies with required security standards and practices.
It expands on static certificate pinning, which hardcodes public key hashes of well-known websites or services within web browsers and applications. [5] Most browsers disable pinning for certificate chains with private root certificates to enable various corporate content inspection scanners [6] and web debugging tools (such as mitmproxy or ...