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Signal amplification performs two important functions: increases the resolution of the input signal, and increases its signal-to-noise ratio. [citation needed] For example, the output of an electronic temperature sensor, which is probably in the millivolts range is probably too low for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to process directly.
The medium is typically a fiber of silica glass that confines the incident light beam to the inside. Attenuation is an important factor limiting the transmission of a digital signal across large distances. Thus, much research has gone into both limiting the attenuation and maximizing the amplification of the optical signal.
When input and output impedances are the same, voltage attenuation will be the square root of power attenuation, so, for example, a 6 dB attenuator that reduces power to one fourth will reduce the voltage (and the current) by half. Nominal impedance, for example 50 ohm; Frequency bandwidth, for example DC-18 GHz
In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss, FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feedpoints of two antennas that results from the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS) path through free space (usually air). [1]
A gain greater than one (greater than zero dB), that is, amplification, is the defining property of an active device or circuit, while a passive circuit will have a gain of less than one. [4] The term gain alone is ambiguous, and can refer to the ratio of output to input voltage (voltage gain), current (current gain) or electric power (power ...
Gain, the ratio between the magnitude of output and input signals; Bandwidth, the width of the useful frequency range; Efficiency, the ratio between the power of the output and total power consumption; Linearity, the extent to which the proportion between input and output amplitude is the same for high amplitude and low amplitude input
To overcome the effects of attenuation distortion, communications circuits have special equalization equipment attached at the ends of the circuit or in between, designed to attenuate the signal evenly across the frequency spectrum, or to allow the signal to be received at equal amplitude for all frequencies. Attenuation distortion can still ...
The difference between these filter families is that they all use a different polynomial function to approximate to the ideal filter response. This results in each having a different transfer function. Another older, less-used methodology is the image parameter method. Filters designed by this methodology are archaically called "wave filters".