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  2. Recall (memory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_(memory)

    The theory of encoding specificity finds similarities between the process of recognition and that of recall. The encoding specificity principle states that memory utilizes information from the memory trace, or the situation in which it was learned, and from the environment in which it is retrieved. In other words, memory is improved when ...

  3. Encoding specificity principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_specificity_principle

    The encoding specificity principle is the general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories. It provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.

  4. Encoding (memory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(memory)

    In this way, encoding was found to be influenced by prior knowledge. With the advance of Gestalt theory came the realization that memory for encoded information was often perceived as different from the stimuli that triggered it. It was also influenced by the context that the stimuli were embedded in.

  5. Levels of Processing model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levels_of_Processing_model

    Modern studies show an increased effect of levels-of-processing in Alzheimer patients. Specifically, there is a significantly higher recall value for semantically encoded stimuli over physically encoded stimuli. In one such experiment, subjects maintained a higher recall value in words chosen by meaning over words selected by numerical order. [26]

  6. Reconstructive memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructive_memory

    Reconstructive memory is a theory of memory recall, in which the act of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, motivation, semantic memory and beliefs, amongst others.

  7. Memory error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_error

    Encoding processes can occur at three levels: visual form (the letters that make up a word), phonology (the sound of a word), and semantics (the meaning of the word or sentence). With relation to memory errors, the level of processing at the time of encoding and at the time of recall should be the same. [37]

  8. Context-dependent memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-dependent_memory

    In psychology, context-dependent memory is the improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same. In a simpler manner, "when events are represented in memory, contextual information is stored along with memory targets; the context can therefore cue memories containing that contextual information". [1]

  9. Incidental memory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_memory

    The Level of Processing Framework by Craik and Lockhart (1972) is a significant theory for incidental learning that postulates how levels of encoding and processing affects the extent of later retrieval. It claims that deep encoding processes increase incidental memory and later retrieval, [23] further facilitated by emotional content. [24]