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Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
The Convention has been extended by eight protocols that identify specific measures to be taken by Parties to cut their emissions of air pollutants: Protocol on Long-Term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) (1984)
The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) is a type of air quality index used in Singapore, which is a number used to indicate the level of pollutants in air.Initially PSI was based on five air pollutants, but since 1 April 2014 it has also included fine particulate matter (PM 2.5).
As an example, a measured NO x concentration of 45 ppmv in a dry gas having 5 volume % O 2 is: 45 × ( 20.9 - 3 ) ÷ ( 20.9 - 5 ) = 50.7 ppmv of NO x. when corrected to a dry gas having a specified reference O 2 content of 3 volume %. Note: The measured gas concentration C m must first be corrected to a dry basis before using the above equation.
Air pollution measurement is the process of collecting and measuring the components of air pollution, notably gases and particulates. The earliest devices used to measure pollution include rain gauges (in studies of acid rain ), Ringelmann charts for measuring smoke , and simple soot and dust collectors known as deposit gauges . [ 1 ]
The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a scale designed in Canada to help understand the impact of air quality on health. It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution.
The highest AQI in India was recorded in New Delhi on 18th November 2024 with it being 1,081 and the concentration of PM2.5 - particulate matter measuring 2.5 microns or less in diameter that can be carried into lungs, causing deadly diseases and cardiac issues. Expected to soar even higher later or next year.
In terms of health effects, the guideline states that PM2.5 concentration of 10 is the lowest level at which total, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality have been shown to increase with more than 95% confidence in response to long-term exposure to PM2.5. [2]