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Tsar (/ z ɑːr, (t) s ɑːr /; ... which was intended to mean emperor in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, ...
The Tsar of all Russia, formally the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, [a] [1] was the title of the Russian monarch from 1547 to 1721. During this period, the state was a tsardom . The first Russian monarch to be crowned as tsar was Ivan IV , who had held the title of sovereign and grand prince . [ 2 ]
Czar, sometimes spelled tsar, is an informal title used for certain high-level officials in the United States and United Kingdom, typically granted broad power to address a particular issue. The title is usually treated as gender-neutral, though the technically correct Bulgarian term for a female title holder would be czarina .
In the United States, the informal term "czar" (or, less often, "tsar") is employed in media and popular usage to refer to high-level executive-branch officials who oversee a particular policy field. Until 2025, there had never been any U.S. government offices with the formal title "czar".
At first, the Byzantine term autokrator expressed only the literal meaning of an independent ruler, but in the reign of Ivan IV (1533–1584) it came to imply unlimited rule. In 1547 the Grand Duke Ivan IV was crowned Tsar and thus was recognized – at least by the Russian Orthodox Church – as Emperor.
Peter the Great changed his title from tsar to emperor in order to secure Russia's position in the European states system. [133] While later rulers did not discard the new title, the Russian monarch was commonly known as the tsar or tsaritsa until the imperial system was abolished during the February Revolution of 1917.
The coat of arms of Russia derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire.Though modified more than once since the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505), the current coat of arms is directly derived from its medieval original, with the double-headed eagle having Byzantine and earlier antecedents.
At the height of his power, Simeon adopted the title of tsar ("emperor"), as did the Bulgarian rulers after the country became officially independent in 1908. As of Bulgaria's independence in 1908, Knyaz Ferdinand became Tsar Ferdinand, and the words knyaz and knyaginya began to be used instead for the tsar's children – the heir to the throne ...