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Participant observation is one type of data collection method by practitioner-scholars typically used in qualitative research and ethnography.This type of methodology is employed in many disciplines, particularly anthropology (including cultural anthropology and ethnology), sociology (including sociology of culture and cultural criminology), communication studies, human geography, and social ...
As a form of inquiry, ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts ...
Data ethnography is a type of qualitative research where the purpose is to explore ... It is usually conducted in the form of participant observation over an extended ...
Cyber-ethnography attempts to adapt participant-observation procedures such as making cultural entrée, collecting and analyzing data, and conducting ethical research to these computer-mediated contingencies. [citation needed] Cyber-ethnography has significantly developed with the emergence of new technologies.
Participant observation extends further than ethnography and into other fields, including psychology. For example, by training to be an EMT and becoming a participant observer in the lives of EMTs, Palmer studied how EMTs cope with the stress associated with some of the gruesome emergencies they deal with.
James P. Spradley (1933–1982) was a social scientist and a professor of anthropology at Macalester College. [1] Spradley wrote or edited 20 books on ethnography and qualitative research including The Cultural Experience: Ethnography in Complex Society (1972), Deaf Like Me (1979), The Ethnographic Interview (1979), and Participant Observation (1980).
The essence of this ethnographic mapping is ethnography, which enables the researcher to use qualitative research methods like fieldnotes, participant observation, and interviewing. As an ethnographer, one is required to completely immerse oneself within a setting, behaving as a participant observer; therefore, ethnographers have to deal with ...
Thus ethnography usually collects real-life observation and primary data, and netnography usually collects computer-based and secondary data; Efficiency. Netnography tends to be less costly and timelier than many other methods because it leverages online archives and existing technologies to rapidly and efficiently gather and sort relevant data.