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The optic disc appears abnormally small, because not all the optic nerve axons have developed properly. [1] It is often associated with endocrinopathies (hormone deficiencies), developmental delay, and brain malformations. [2] The optic nerve, which is responsible for transmitting visual signals from the retina to the brain, has approximately 1 ...
The fibers from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex. A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optic nerve. The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glia.
Developmental delays are more common in children with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia than those with unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. [6] Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia is also associated with a more severe disease course. [7] There may be nystagmus (involuntary eye movements, often side-to-side). [6] In cases of bilateral optic nerve ...
The optic tract is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus. [14] The optic tract represents the first stage in the visual pathway in which visual information is transferred in a homonymous nature. [ 15 ]
Amsler grid, Chart 1. There are 7 types of Amsler grid charts. All charts measure 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in), which when viewed at a distance of 33 cm (13 in) from the eye can be used to measure defects in the central 20 degrees of the visual field. [3]
The optic nerve can be damaged when exposed to direct or indirect injury. Direct optic nerve injuries are caused by trauma to the head or orbit that crosses normal tissue planes and disrupts the anatomy and function of the optic nerve; e.g., a bullet or forceps that physically injures the optic nerve.
The morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA) is a congenital deformity resulting from failure of the optic nerve to completely form in utero. [1] The term was coined in 1970 by Kindler, noting a resemblance of the malformed optic nerve to the morning glory flower. [2] The condition is usually unilateral. [3]
In megalopapilla the optic disc diameter exceeds 2.1 mm (or surface area more than 2.5 mm 2 [1]) with an increased cup-to-disc ratio. [2] Although the optic disc is looks abnormal, the disc colour, sharpness of disc margin, rim volume, configuration of blood vessels and intraocular pressure will be normal.