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Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy. Out of this population, 20% binge drink and have four or more alcoholic drinks per single occasion. [39] The use of alcohol during pregnancy occurs at different rates across the world, potentially due to various cultural differences and legislation.
Hong Kong: "Abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy is the safest choice." [42] Iceland: Advise that pregnant women abstain from alcohol during pregnancy because no safe consumption level exists. [25] Israel: Women should avoid consuming alcohol before and during pregnancy [25] [43] The Netherlands: Abstinence [25]
The health benefits of a modest alcohol consumption reported in people of European descent appear not to exist among people of African descent. [18] Higher body masses and the prevalence of high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in an individual increase alcohol tolerance, and both adult weight and enzymes vary with ethnicity.
That equals about 12 ounces of regular beer (at 5% alcohol; some light beers have less) or 5 ounces of wine (at 12% alcohol) or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits (at 40% alcohol or 80 proof ...
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High doses of caffeine intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage [49] and some major negative pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth or low birth weight. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] A 2020 review called into question the safe levels proposed by the European Food Safety Authority, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ...
The results of this study compared patterns of alcohol use from 2012-2013 to use in 2001-2002 and found that the rate of alcohol use rose more than 11%; the rate of high-risk drinking increased ...