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  2. AES implementations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_implementations

    PyCrypto – The Python Cryptography Toolkit PyCrypto, extended in PyCryptoDome; keyczar – Cryptography Toolkit keyczar; M2Crypto – M2Crypto is the most complete OpenSSL wrapper for Python. Cryptography – Python library which exposes cryptographic recipes and primitives. PyNaCl – Python binding for libSodium (NaCl)

  3. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    In theoretical cryptography, the security level of a cryptographic hash function has been defined using the following properties: Pre-image resistance Given a hash value h, it should be difficult to find any message m such that h = hash(m). This concept is related to that of a one-way function.

  4. Stack Exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_Exchange

    As of March 2023, the three most actively viewed sites in the network are Stack Overflow (which focuses on computer programming), Unix & Linux, and Mathematics. [6] All sites in the network are modeled after the initial site Stack Overflow which was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008. Further Q&A sites in the network are ...

  5. Comparison of cryptography libraries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_cryptography...

    This table denotes, if a cryptography library provides the technical requisites for FIPS 140, and the status of their FIPS 140 certification (according to NIST's CMVP search, [27] modules in process list [28] and implementation under test list).

  6. Substitution–permutation network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution–permutation...

    In cryptography, an SP-network, or substitution–permutation network (SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES (Rijndael), 3-Way, Kalyna, Kuznyechik, PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square.

  7. Whirlpool (hash function) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)

    In computer science and cryptography, Whirlpool (sometimes styled WHIRLPOOL) is a cryptographic hash function. It was designed by Vincent Rijmen (co-creator of the Advanced Encryption Standard) and Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, who first described it in 2000. The hash has been recommended by the NESSIE project.

  8. Pairing-based cryptography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairing-based_cryptography

    Pairing-based cryptography is used in the KZG cryptographic commitment scheme. A contemporary example of using bilinear pairings is exemplified in the BLS digital signature scheme. [3] Pairing-based cryptography relies on hardness assumptions separate from e.g. the elliptic-curve cryptography, which is older and has been studied for a longer time.

  9. Avalanche effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect

    In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers [1] and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip).