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In statistical process control (SPC), the ¯ and R chart is a type of scheme, popularly known as control chart, used to monitor the mean and range of a normally distributed variables simultaneously, when samples are collected at regular intervals from a business or industrial process. [1]
In this case, the data are said to be "underdispersed", indicating that the analytical uncertainties were overestimated. MSWD > 1 if the observed scatter exceeds that predicted by the analytical uncertainties. In this case, the data are said to be "overdispersed".
It is remarkable that the sum of squares of the residuals and the sample mean can be shown to be independent of each other, using, e.g. Basu's theorem.That fact, and the normal and chi-squared distributions given above form the basis of calculations involving the t-statistic:
Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate; mathematically, the bottom line should be the same as the top line, in 'fp-math' the step '1 + 1/9000' leads to a rounding up as the first bit of the 14 bit tail '10111000110010' of the mantissa falling off the table when adding 1 is a '1', this up-rounding is not undone when subtracting the 1 again, since there is no ...
Provided the data are strictly positive, a better measure of relative accuracy can be obtained based on the log of the accuracy ratio: log(F t / A t) This measure is easier to analyze statistically and has valuable symmetry and unbiasedness properties.
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Read; Edit; View history ... with an unbiased normally distributed error, ... using the mean and standard deviation of the sample data or the mean with the standard ...