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Isopentane is a major component (sometimes 30% or more) of natural gasoline, an analog of common petroleum-derived gasoline that is condensed from natural gas. [4] Its share in commercial car fuel is highly variable: 19–45% in 1990s Sweden, [ 13 ] 4–31% in 1990s US [ 14 ] and 3.6–11% in the US in 2011. [ 15 ]
In the petroleum industry, much research has been done on the upgrading of light hydrocarbons.The realisation that normal pentane is one of the most important remaining components of naphtha that can be easily upgraded prompted Phillips Petroleum to investigate the various processes for converting normal (linear) pentane into (branched) isopentane.
Isobutane is the principal feedstock in alkylation units of refineries. Using isobutane, gasoline-grade "blendstocks" are generated with high branching for good combustion characteristics.
Print/export Download as PDF ... 4,300–4,700 K) (see carbon phase diagram). ... with molecular formula C 5 H 12 the melting point increases in the series isopentane ...
The phase diagram shows, in pressure–temperature space, the lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries between the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas. The curves on the phase diagram show the points where the free energy (and other derived properties) becomes non-analytic: their derivatives with respect to the coordinates (temperature and ...
The initial phase of construction entailed the use of: [5] 37,000 tonnes of concrete; 119,000 tonnes of steel; 14 million bricks; 600 miles (970 km) of piping; At its peak the construction activity on the site employed 8,000 workers; 1,500 were housed in a construction camp at Wallend in the centre of the site. [6] [5]
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
[4] [5] [6] The CALPHAD approach is based on the fact that a phase diagram is a manifestation of the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system, which are the sum of the properties of the individual phases. [7] It is thus possible to calculate a phase diagram by first assessing the thermodynamic properties of all the phases in a system.