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Confuciusornis is a genus of basal crow-sized avialan from the Early Cretaceous Period of the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations of China, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago. Like modern birds, Confuciusornis had a toothless beak, but closer and later relatives of modern birds such as Hesperornis and Ichthyornis were toothed, indicating that ...
Confuciusornithidae was first named by Hou et al. in 1995 to contain the type genus, Confuciusornis, and assigned to the monotypic clade Confuciusornithiformes within the class Aves. [2] The group was given a phylogenetic definition by Chiappe, in 1999, who defined a node-based clade Confuciusornithidae to include only Changchengornis and ...
Eoconfuciusornis a genus of extinct avialan that lived 131 Ma ago, in the Early Cretaceous of China. [1] It is the oldest known bird to have a beak. [2]The type species of Eoconfuciusornis, Eoconfuciusornis zhengi, was named and described by Zhang Fucheng, Zhou Zhonghe and Michael Benton in 2008.
The Four Books (四書; Sìshū) are Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism. They were selected by intellectual Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty to serve as general introduction to Confucian thought, and they were, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, made the core of the official curriculum for the civil ...
Praeornis, from the Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian of Kazakhstan, may have been the earliest known member of Enantiornithes according to Agnolin et al. (2017). [13]Birds with confidently identified characteristics of Enantiornithes found in Albian of Australia, Maastrichtian of South America, and Campanian of Mexico (Alexornis [14]), Mongolia and western edge of prehistoric Asia suggest a worldwide ...
These writings represent the earliest known interpretations of the Zhouyi, the Bronze Age divination manual underlying the Book of Changes (易經 Yì jīng). By offering philosophical and moral insights, the Ten Wings transformed the text from a practical guide for divination into a profound treatise on metaphysics, ethics, and cosmology. [1]
Pygostylia has been recovered as being within the clade Avebrevicauda.Avebrevicauda (meaning "birds with short tails") is a group of birds which includes all avialan species with ten or fewer free vertebrae in the tail.
Traces of the soft tissue of the beak preserved with two specimens of Confuciusornis are described by Zheng et al. (2020). [297] Miller et al. (2020) describe a new specimen of Confuciusornis sanctus preserving a disassociated rhamphotheca, and evaluate the differences in the keratinous and bony beak anatomy between confuciusornithids and ...