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Human nails grow at a rate which varies with many factors: age, the specific digit, as well as nutrition. However, typically in healthy populations fingernails grow at about 0.1 mm/day and toenails at about 0.05 mm/day. [10]
Anonychia is the failure to form fingernails or toenails. [ 1 ] It is an anomaly which may be the result of a congenital ectodermal defect, ichthyosis , severe infection, severe allergic contact dermatitis , self-inflicted trauma , Raynaud phenomenon , lichen planus , epidermolysis bullosa , or severe exfoliative diseases.
Onychomadesis is a periodic idiopathic shedding of the nails beginning at the proximal end, possibly caused by the temporary arrest of the function of the nail matrix. [1]: 784 [2]: 660 One cause in children is hand, foot, and mouth disease. [3] This generally resolves without complication.
The signs/symptoms of polyonychia are very easy to detect: two or more nails growing on the same finger or toe. The nails can either be separate, small nails (micronychia) or one wide, almost complete nail, the digit affected could also be wider than normal
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Nail clubbing - nails that curve down around the fingertips with nailbeds that bulge is associated with oxygen deprivation and lung, heart, or liver disease. Koilonychia - spooning, or nails that grow upwards. Associated with iron-deficiency anaemia or vitamin B 12 deficiency. [citation needed] Pitting of the nails is associated with psoriasis.
Also known as "true" leukonychia, this is the most common form of leukonychia, in which small white spots appear on the nails. Picking and biting of the nails are a prominent cause in young children and nail biters. Besides parakeratosis, air that is trapped between the cells may also cause this appearance. [5] It is also caused by trauma.
Nail abnormalities in ED often manifest as dysplastic or poorly formed nails. Affected individuals may have thin, brittle, or ridged nails that are prone to splitting and breaking. In severe cases, nails may be entirely absent or exhibit atypical growth patterns, including spoon-like (koilonychia) or thickened (pachyonychia) appearances. [1] [2]