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During the third week of embryonic growth, the brain begins to develop in the early fetus in a process called morphogenesis. [2] Neuroepithelial cells of the ectoderm begin multiplying rapidly and fold in forming the neural plate, which invaginates during the fourth week of embryonic growth and forms the neural tube. [2]
Within the ventricles of the brain, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together known as the tela choroidea form a structure called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF. [5] Modified tight junctions between epithelial cells control fluid release. This release allows free exchange between CSF and nervous tissue of ...
After formation of the tube, the brain forms into three sections; the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. The types of neuroectoderm include: Neural crest. pigment cells in the skin; ganglia of the autonomic nervous system; dorsal root ganglia. facial cartilage; aorticopulmonary septum of the developing heart and lungs; ciliary body of ...
The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development, or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience.These describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the complex nervous system forms in humans, develops during prenatal development, and continues to develop postnatally.
The following is a proposed mechanism for how Shh patterns the ventral neural tube: A gradient of Shh that controls the expression of a group of homeodomain (HD) and basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors is created. These transcription factors are grouped into two protein classes based on how Shh affects them.
Developing neuroepithelia are tissues composed of neural progenitor cells, each spanning the entire thickness of the epithelium from the ventricular surface to the laminal side. Cell nuclei occupy different positions along the apical–basal axis of the tissue.
Another famous model is the so-called French flag model, developed in the sixties. [31] Improvements in computer performance in the twenty-first century enabled the simulation of relatively complex morphogenesis models. In 2020, such a model was proposed where cell growth and differentiation is that of a cellular automaton with
Brain mapping can show how an animal's brain changes throughout its lifetime. As of 2021, scientists mapped and compared the whole brains of eight C. elegans worms across their development on the neuronal level [ 68 ] [ 69 ] and the complete wiring of a single mammalian muscle from birth to adulthood.