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A thermopile is an electronic device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy. [1] It is composed of several thermocouples connected usually in series or, less commonly, in parallel . Such a device works on the principle of the thermoelectric effect , i.e., generating a voltage when its dissimilar metals (thermocouples) are exposed ...
Figure 2: [8] Working principle of a thermal laser sensor (Adapted from figure 3 with permission) As shown in Fig 2, a thermopile laser sensor consists of several thermocouples connected in series with one junction type (hot junction at temperature T 1) being exposed to an absorption area and the other junction type (cold junction at temperature T 2) being exposed to a heat sink.
The typical efficiency of TEGs is around 5–8%, although it can be higher. Older devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky. More recent devices use highly doped semiconductors made from bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3), lead telluride (PbTe), [10] calcium manganese oxide (Ca 2 Mn 3 O 8), [11] [12] or combinations thereof, [13] depending on application temperature.
The positive wire is made of hard iron, while the negative wire consists of softer copper-nickel. [11] Due to its iron content, the J-type is slightly heavier and the positive wire is magnetic. [12] It is highly vulnerable to corrosion in reducing atmospheres, which can lead to significant degradation of the thermocouple's performance. [13]
Diagram of an RTG used on the Cassini probe. A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG), sometimes referred to as a radioisotope power system (RPS), is a type of nuclear battery that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.
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At the atomic scale, a temperature gradient causes charge carriers in the material to diffuse from the hot side to the cold side. This is due to charge carrier particles having higher mean velocities (and thus kinetic energy) at higher temperatures, leading them to migrate on average towards the colder side, in the process carrying heat across the material.
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