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Intravitreal injection is the method of administration of drugs into the eye by injection with a fine needle. The medication will be directly applied into the vitreous humor . [ 1 ] It is used to treat various eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) , diabetic retinopathy , and infections inside the eye such as ...
Ranibizumab, sold under the brand name Lucentis among others, is a monoclonal antibody fragment created from the same parent mouse antibody as bevacizumab.It is an anti-angiogenic [16] that is approved to treat the "wet" type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD, also ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, and macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion or central retinal vein occlusion.
In 2008, over 1 million intravitreal injections were performed. This doubled to 2 million just 3 years later in 2011 when another anti-VEGF intravitreal injection aflibercept became available for the treatment of wet AMD. [2] Intravitreal injections hit an all-time high in 2016 reaching over 5.9 million injections in the US. [1]
Intravitreal implants are micro device-like inserts injected into the posterior segment of the eye to treat retinal diseases releasing therapeutic drugs at a set rate over a desired period of time. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The posterior segment of the eye consists of the sclera , choroid , fovea , vitreous humor , optic nerve , and retina .
Bevacizumab, sold under the brand name Avastin among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication used to treat a number of types of cancers and a specific eye disease. [30] [28] For cancer, it is given by slow injection into a vein (intravenous) and used for colon cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and renal-cell carcinoma. [31]
At a cost of $2,000.00 per injection, the cost to treat wet AMD patients in the United States is greater than $10.00 billion per year. Due to high cost, many ophthalmologists have turned to bevacizumab as the alternative intravitreal agent in the treatment of wet AMD.
An intracameral injection is usually of an antibiotic into the anterior chamber of the eyeball to prevent endophthalmitis caused by an infection of the eye that can occur after cataract surgery. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved antibiotics for this use and it is considered 'off-label'.
Pegaptanib [2] sodium injection (brand name Macugen) is an anti-angiogenic medicine for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD). [3] It was discovered by NeXstar Pharmaceuticals (which merged with Gilead Sciences in 1999) and licensed in 2000 to EyeTech Pharmaceuticals, now OSI Pharmaceuticals, for late stage development and marketing in the United States.