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Ultimate loss amounts are necessary for determining an insurance company's carried reserves. They are also useful for determining adequate insurance premiums, when loss experience is used as a rating factor [4] [5] [6] Loss development factors are used in all triangular methods of loss reserving, [7] such as the chain-ladder method.
Sample of a well maintained data [clarification needed]. In statistics and research design, an index is a composite statistic – a measure of changes in a representative group of individual data points, or in other words, a compound measure that aggregates multiple indicators.
The chain-ladder or development [1] method is a prominent [2] [3] actuarial loss reserving technique. The chain-ladder method is used in both the property and casualty [1] [4] and health insurance [5] fields. Its intent is to estimate incurred but not reported claims and project ultimate loss amounts. [5]
In cognitive science and behavioral economics, loss aversion refers to a cognitive bias in which the same situation is perceived as worse if it is framed as a loss, rather than a gain. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It should not be confused with risk aversion , which describes the rational behavior of valuing an uncertain outcome at less than its expected value .
The Coleman–Liau index is a readability test designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, and Automated Readability Index, its output approximates the U.S. grade level thought necessary to comprehend the text.
Alternatively, the index can be expressed per 10,000 "points". For example, an index of .25 is the same as 2,500 points. The major benefit of the Herfindahl index in relation to measures such as the concentration ratio is that the HHI gives more weight to larger firms. Other advantages of the HHI include its simple calculation method and the ...
But it may be, in relative terms, better off because others have done even worse. This relative performance cannot be measured in the present system but can be by using the CRIS rating. An example of comparative rating is the percentile score—the way GATE results are at times given. If a student is described as belonging to the 99th ...
The benchmark employs 8 test procedures, with three executing standard floating point calculations, two with such as COS or EXP functions, one each for integer arithmetic, branching or memory assignments. Output from the original comprised parameters used for each test, numeric results produced and the overall KWIPS performance rating.