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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    This type of ad hominem is not a fallacy.) Circumstantial ad hominem – stating that the arguer's personal situation or perceived benefit from advancing a conclusion means that their conclusion is wrong. [73] Poisoning the well – a subtype of ad hominem presenting adverse information about a target person with the intention of discrediting ...

  3. Argument from ignorance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance

    John Locke (1632–1704), the likely originator of the term.. Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, [a] is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false because of a lack of evidence to the contrary.

  4. Informal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy

    [26] [12] [8] [20] [1] Rejecting a theory in physics because its author is Jewish, which was common in the German physics community in the early 1930s, is an example of the ad hominem fallacy. But not all ad hominem arguments constitute fallacies. It is a common and reasonable practice in court, for example, to defend oneself against an ...

  5. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    An example of a language dependent fallacy is given as a debate as to who in humanity are learners: the wise or the ignorant. [18]: 3 A language-independent fallacy is, for example: "Coriscus is different from Socrates." "Socrates is a man." "Therefore, Coriscus is different from a man." [18]: 4

  6. Argument from fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_fallacy

    Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. [1] It is also called argument to logic ( argumentum ad logicam ), the fallacy fallacy , [ 2 ] the fallacist's fallacy , [ 3 ] and the bad reasons fallacy .

  7. Proof by assertion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_assertion

    Modern politics contains many examples of proofs by assertion. This practice can be observed in the use of political slogans , and the distribution of " talking points ", which are collections of short phrases that are issued to members of modern political parties for recitation, and in order to achieve maximum message repetition.

  8. No true Scotsman - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_true_Scotsman

    The description of the fallacy in this form is attributed to British philosopher Antony Flew, who wrote, in his 1966 book God & Philosophy, . In this ungracious move a brash generalization, such as No Scotsmen put sugar on their porridge, when faced with falsifying facts, is transformed while you wait into an impotent tautology: if ostensible Scotsmen put sugar on their porridge, then this is ...

  9. Appeal to emotion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion

    Appeal to emotion or argumentum ad passiones (meaning the same in Latin) is an informal fallacy characterized by the manipulation of the recipient's emotions in order to win an argument, especially in the absence of factual evidence. [1]