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Actinopterygii (/ ˌ æ k t ɪ n ɒ p t ə ˈ r ɪ dʒ i aɪ /; from Ancient Greek ἀκτίς (aktis) 'having rays' and πτέρυξ (ptérux) 'wing, fins'), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class of bony fish [2] that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. [3]
An estimate based on 30 protein-encoding nuclear markers suggest 204.1 million years ago, research on mitochondrial genomes suggest 155.2 million years ago, and Bayesian dating based on the combined matrix of molecular (mitogenomes) and morphological characters set the divergence to 162 (195–137) million years ago.
[3] [4] They likely diverged from Actinopteri at least 330 million years ago. A closely related group, the Scanilepiformes, are known from the later Permian to the Triassic, and are likely ancestral to polypterids. The oldest polypterids are around 100 million years old, from the early Late Cretaceous of South America and Africa. [5] [6] [7]
Fossil of Chondrosteus acipenseroides from Lyme Regis Strongylosteus hindenburgi fossil from Posidonia Shale, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart. Chondrosteidae / ˌ k ɒ n d r oʊ s t i ˈ aɪ d iː / is a family of extinct marine actinopterygian fishes, known from the Early Jurassic of Europe.
Osteichthyes is divided into the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420 million years ago, which are also transitional fossils, showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes. [22] Tetrapoda: Tetrapods
Unfortunately, Tree of Life is often quite out of date (ca. ten years, some times), and it has, for example, nothing for Perciformes, which are most of the fish I have worked on. But in the absence of anything else — FishBase doesn't give any info higher than family, and ITIS seems a bit iffy sometimes — it's all I have access to...
A close up view of the stilt roots How the stilt roots were proposed to allow it to right itself after other plants collapse on it. 1 - the palm is growing normally. 2 - a tree collapses onto the palm and flattens the stem. 3 - new stilt roots form along the old stem and the original roots (dashed lines) start to die. 4 - the palm continues to grow normally but has now moved away from where it ...
Scores of familiar plants are eudicots, including many commonly cultivated and edible plants, numerous trees, tropicals and ornamentals. Among the most well-known eudicot genera are those of the sunflower ( Helianthus ), dandelion ( Taraxacum ), forget-me-not ( Myosotis ), cabbage ( Brassica ), apple ( Malus ), buttercup ( Ranunculus ), maple ...
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