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  2. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    Properties of isolated, closed, and open thermodynamic systems in exchanging energy and matter. A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic systems can be passive and active according to internal processes.

  3. Closed system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system

    In nonrelativistic classical mechanics, a closed system is a physical system that does not exchange any matter with its surroundings, and is not subject to any net force whose source is external to the system. [1] [2] A closed system in classical mechanics would be equivalent to an isolated system in thermodynamics. Closed systems are often ...

  4. Closed system (control theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_system_(control_theory)

    The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and feedforward. The terms 'feedforward' and 'feedback' arose first in the 1920s in the theory of amplifier design ...

  5. Isolated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system

    Properties of Isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following: a physical system so far removed from other systems that it does not interact with them. a thermodynamic system enclosed by rigid immovable walls through which neither mass nor energy can pass.

  6. Principle of minimum energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_minimum_energy

    The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system, with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will decrease and approach a minimum value at equilibrium. External parameters generally means the volume, but may include other parameters which ...

  7. Thermodynamic process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_process

    (1) A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium. In classical thermodynamics, the actual course of the process is not the primary concern, and often is ignored.

  8. Thermodynamic state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_state

    A thermodynamic system is a macroscopic object, the microscopic details of which are not explicitly considered in its thermodynamic description. The number of state variables required to specify the thermodynamic state depends on the system, and is not always known in advance of experiment; it is usually found from experimental evidence.

  9. Helmholtz free energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy

    In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy (or Helmholtz energy) is a thermodynamic potential that measures the useful work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature . The change in the Helmholtz energy during a process is equal to the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a thermodynamic process ...