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The normal deviate mapping (or normal quantile function, or inverse normal cumulative distribution) is given by the probit function, so that the horizontal axis is x = probit(P fa) and the vertical is y = probit(P fr), where P fa and P fr are the false-accept and false-reject rates.
Lexicographic code; List decoding; Locally decodable code; Locally recoverable code; Locally testable code; Long code (mathematics) Longitudinal redundancy check; Low-density parity-check code; Luhn algorithm
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The actual maximum code rate allowed depends on the error-correcting code used, and may be lower. This is because Shannon's proof was only of existential nature, and did not show how to construct codes that are both optimal and have efficient encoding and decoding algorithms.
A low code-rate close to zero implies a strong code that uses many redundant bits to achieve a good performance, while a large code-rate close to 1 implies a weak code. The redundant bits that protect the information have to be transferred using the same communication resources that they are trying to protect.
Its essential part is a quasigroup of order 10 (i.e. having a 10 × 10 Latin square as the body of its operation table) with the special feature of being weakly totally anti-symmetric. [3] [4] [i] [ii] [iii] Damm revealed several methods to create totally anti-symmetric quasigroups of order 10 and gave some examples in his doctoral dissertation.
Verhoeff had the goal of finding a decimal code—one where the check digit is a single decimal digit—which detected all single-digit errors and all transpositions of adjacent digits. At the time, supposed proofs of the nonexistence [6] of these codes made base-11 codes popular, for example in the ISBN check digit.
In computer programming, bounds checking is any method of detecting whether a variable is within some bounds before it is used. It is usually used to ensure that a number fits into a given type (range checking), or that a variable being used as an array index is within the bounds of the array (index checking).