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The ability of T cells to ignore healthy cells but respond when these same cells express a small number of foreign pMHCs is known as antigen discrimination. [20] [21] To do so, T cells have a very high degree of antigen specificity, despite the fact that the affinity to the peptide/MHC ligand is rather low in comparison to other receptor types ...
The process of formation begins when the T-cell receptor binds to the peptide:MHC complex on the antigen-presenting cell and initiates signaling activation through formation of microclusters/lipid rafts. Specific signaling pathways lead to polarization of the T-cell by orienting its centrosome toward the site of the immunological synapse. The ...
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, [1] found in the bone marrow.
Activation of T cells without co-stimulation may lead to the unresponsiveness of the T cell (also called anergy), apoptosis or the acquisition of the immune tolerance. [ 3 ] The counterpart of the co-stimulatory signal is a (co-)inhibitory signal, where inhibitory molecules interact with different signaling pathways in order to arrest T cell ...
Other non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors carry a conserved inhibitory motif that, when phosphorylated, results in the inhibition of the signaling pathway via recruitment of phosphatases, namely SHP-1, SHP-2 and SHIP1. This serves not only for inhibition and regulation of signalling pathways related to ITAM-based signalling, but ...
The Linker for activation of T cells, also known as linker of activated T cells or LAT, is a protein involved in the T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway which in humans is encoded by the LAT gene. [5] Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [6]
Tec kinase is activated in T cells in response to CD3 engagement and TCR/CD28 stimulation. [8] [9] Tec kinase plays an important role in T-cell activation. Upon TCR/CD28 stimulation, Tec kinase is recruited to the cytoplasmic tail of CD28 and takes part in a signaling pathway that leads to activation of IL-2 and IL-4 cytokine promoters. [8]
CD28 (Cluster of Differentiation 28) is a protein expressed on T cells that provides essential co-stimulatory signals required for T cell activation and survival. When T cells are stimulated through CD28 in conjunction with the T-cell receptor (), it enhances the production of various interleukins, particularly IL-6.