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Court hand: alphabet (upper-cases and lower-cases) and some syllable abbreviations. Court hand (also common law hand, Anglicana, cursiva antiquior, and charter hand [1]) was a style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts, and later by professionals such as lawyers and clerks.
The Lord's Prayer in Gregg and a variety of 19th-century systems Dutch stenography using the "System Groote". Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language.
Short-Writing [60] 1690: Theophilus Metcalfe: English: Simson Shorthand [61] 1881: James Simson: English: Speedwriting [62] 1924: Emma Dearborn: English: State Unified Stenography System (GESS) [63] 1937: Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov: Russian: Used in the Soviet Union; also adapted for English, French, and some of the languages of the Soviet ...
Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between ...
Eclectic shorthand (sometimes called "Cross shorthand" or "Eclectic-Cross shorthand" after its founder, J. G. Cross) is an English shorthand system of the 19th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it is nonetheless noteworthy as one of the most compact (and complex) systems of writing ever devised. [citation needed]
In blackletter texts (especially in German printing), it was still used in the abbreviation ⁊c. meaning etc. (for et cetera) throughout the 19th century. [ citation needed ] However, as not all typesets included a sort for the ⁊ character, the similar R rotunda ꝛ was substituted (which produced ꝛc.
By the nineteenth century, attention was increasingly given to developing quality penmanship in Eastern schools. Countries that had a writing system based on logographs and syllabaries placed particular emphasis on form and quality when learning. [27] These countries, such as China and Japan, have pictophonetic characters that are difficult to ...