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Orthostatic vital signs are a series of vital signs of a patient taken while the patient is supine, then again while standing. [1] The results are only meaningful if performed in the correct order (starting with supine position).
Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is the development of symptoms when standing upright that are relieved when reclining. [1] There are many types of orthostatic intolerance. OI can be a subcategory of dysautonomia, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system [2] occurring when an individual stands up. [3]
A pair of AFO (Ankle Foot Orthosis) braces being used to aid bilateral foot drop. Orthotics (Greek: Ορθός, romanized: ortho, lit. 'to straighten, to align') is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses, sometimes known as braces, calipers, or splints. [1]
The causes of this condition are not well understood, but research suggests that it may be caused by a combination of hemodynamic and neurohumoral factors. [8]Some studies have found that orthostatic hypertension may be caused by increased vascular resistance, possibly due to excess plasma shifts or increased blood viscosity.
A splint may be static, not allowing motion, or dynamic, allowing controlled motion. Splints can also be used to relieve pain in damaged joints. Splints are quick and easy to apply and do not require a plastering technique. Splints are often made out of some kind of flexible material and a firm pole-like structure for stability.
For that reason, most active orthoses are tethered to a power source - which works well enough for research and patient rehabilitation, since that also means a computer is always nearby [1] Other challenges when making an active orthosis is the close interface with the human. This presents difficulties with aligning the joints of the operator ...
The scope of an orthotist includes the design and application of orthoses (braces or orthotic devices). The definition of an orthosis is an “externally applied device used to modify the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal system”. [3]
Standing posture relies on dynamic rather than static balance. The human center of mass is in front of the ankle, and unlike in quadrupeds, the base of support is narrow, consisting of only two feet. A static pose would cause humans to fall forward onto the face. [2]