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This corresponds to a set of y values whose product is a square number, i.e. one whose factorization has only even exponents. The products of x and y values together form a congruence of squares. This is a classic system of linear equations problem, and can be efficiently solved using Gaussian elimination as soon as the number of rows exceeds ...
Thus, the Cayley table of a group is an example of a latin square. An alternative and more succinct proof follows from the cancellation property . This property implies that for each x in the group, the one variable function of y f(x,y)= xy must be a one-to-one map.
Richard Dedekind gave at least two proofs of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, both using the arithmetical properties of the Gaussian integers, which are numbers of the form a + bi, where a and b are integers, and i is the square root of −1. One appears in section 27 of his exposition of ideals published in 1877; the second appeared in ...
Animation of the missing square puzzle, showing the two arrangements of the pieces and the "missing" square Both "total triangles" are in a perfect 13×5 grid; and both the "component triangles", the blue in a 5×2 grid and the red in an 8×3 grid. The missing square puzzle is an optical illusion used in mathematics classes to help students ...
In the descent above, we must rule out both the case y 1 = y 2 = y 3 = y 4 = m/2 (which would give r = m and no descent), and also the case y 1 = y 2 = y 3 = y 4 = 0 (which would give r = 0 rather than strictly positive). For both of those cases, one can check that mp = x 1 2 + x 2 2 + x 3 2 + x 4 2 would be a multiple of m 2, contradicting the ...
The square of an integer may also be called a square number or a perfect square. In algebra, the operation of squaring is often generalized to polynomials, other expressions, or values in systems of mathematical values other than the numbers. For instance, the square of the linear polynomial x + 1 is the quadratic polynomial (x + 1) 2 = x 2 ...
Another geometric proof proceeds as follows: We start with the figure shown in the first diagram below, a large square with a smaller square removed from it. The side of the entire square is a, and the side of the small removed square is b. The area of the shaded region is . A cut is made, splitting the region into two rectangular pieces, as ...
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