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Lambda phage will enter bacteria more easily than plasmids, making it a useful vector that can either destroy or become part of the host's DNA. [31] Lambda phage can also be manipulated and used as an anti-cancer vaccine that targets human aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase (ASPH, HAAH), which has been shown to be beneficial in cases of ...
A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence. [1] Often used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering, cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries. They were first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978. [2] Cosmids can contain 37 to 52 (normally 45) kb of DNA, limits based on the normal bacteriophage ...
The prokaryotic cell is shown with its DNA, in green. 2. The bacteriophage attaches and releases its DNA, shown in red, into the prokaryotic cell. 3. The phage DNA then moves through the cell to the host's DNA. 4. The phage DNA integrates itself into the host cell's DNA, creating prophage. 5. The prophage then remains dormant until the host ...
Such factors include temperature, [14] cellular starvation and number of phage infecting the cell (an indication of population number of phage). [4] Experiments have shown that low temperatures increase the in vivo half-life of cII from ~1-2 mins at 37˚C to 20 mins at 20˚C, thus increasing the probability of a cell to lysogenize.
This family includes lambda phage lysozyme and Escherichia coli T4 phage endolysin. [8] Lysozyme helps to release mature phage particles from the cell wall by breaking down the peptidoglycan. The enzyme hydrolyses the 1,4-beta linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan heteropolymers of prokaryotic cell walls.
In the lambda phage, it is specifically E. coli. The wild type, having a temperate life cycle, allows the virus to exist in 2 life cycle stages, A lysogeny, and a lytic stage. During these life cycles it destroys the cell through the process of lysis, during the lysis process the offspring of the virus are released from the burst cell.
There are three classes of genes in the phage genome that regulate whether the lytic or lysogenic cycles will emerge. The first class is the immediate early genes, the second is the delayed early genes and the third is the late genes. The following refers to the well-studied temperate phage lambda of E. coli. [citation needed]
There is an upper limit on the amount of DNA that can be packed into a phage (a maximum of 53 kb), therefore to allow foreign DNA to be inserted into phage DNA, phage cloning vectors may need to have some non-essential genes deleted, for example the genes for lysogeny since using phage λ as a cloning vector involves only the lytic cycle. [14]