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Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Aggressive periodontitis is distinguished from the chronic form mainly by the faster rate of progression. Loss of attachment may progress despite good oral hygiene and in the absence of risk factors such as smoking. Aggressive periodontitis may occur in younger persons and there may a genetic aspect, with the trait sometimes running in families ...
[1] [2] At least 16 systemic diseases have been linked to periodontitis. These systemic diseases are associated with periodontal disease because they generally contribute to either a decreased host resistance to infections or dysfunction in the connective tissue of the gums , increasing patient susceptibility to inflammation-induced destruction.
Gum disease is the most common oral disease, with studies estimating that up to 80% of Americans have dealt with periodontal disease at some point during their lives. The prevalence of gum disease ...
To complete the diagnosis, the extent of the disease must be assessed. This is defined as: mild (1-2mm), moderate (3-4mm) or severe (≥ 5mm) depending on the amount of attachment loss present. Radiographs such as bitewings, intra-oral periapicals or a panoramic radiograph can be taken to help assess the bone loss and aid in diagnosis.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis , the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [ 5 ]
Periapical periodontitis; Other names: Apical periodontitis, periradicular periodontitis: Periapical dental radiograph showing chronic periapical periodontitis on the root of the left maxillary second premolar. Note large restoration present in the tooth, which will have undergone pulpal necrosis at some point before the development of this lesion.
It may develop rapidly from a periapical granuloma, as a consequence of untreated chronic periapical periodontitis. [1] Periapical is defined as "the tissues surrounding the apex of the root of a tooth" and a cyst is "a pathological cavity lined by epithelium, having fluid or gaseous content that is not created by the accumulation of pus." [2]
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