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  2. Dafny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafny

    To verify this program in Dafny we can either (a) remove the redundant assignment arr[i] := arr[i];; or (b) add the loop invariant invariant forall i :: 0 <= i < arr.Length ==> arr[i] >= 0 Dafny additionally employs limited static analysis to infer simple loop invariants where possible.

  3. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    Early versions of Java and C# did not include generics, also termed parametric polymorphism. In such a setting, making arrays invariant rules out useful polymorphic programs. For example, consider writing a function to shuffle an array, or a function that tests two arrays for equality using the Object. equals method on the elements. The ...

  4. Adapter pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_pattern

    In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern (also known as wrapper, an alternative naming shared with the decorator pattern) that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. [1] It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code.

  5. Template method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_method_pattern

    In object-oriented programming, the template method is one of the behavioral design patterns identified by Gamma et al. [1] in the book Design Patterns.The template method is a method in a superclass, usually an abstract superclass, and defines the skeleton of an operation in terms of a number of high-level steps.

  6. Bridge pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_pattern

    The bridge pattern is useful when both the class and what it does vary often. The class itself can be thought of as the abstraction and what the class can do as the implementation. The bridge pattern can also be thought of as two layers of abstraction. When there is only one fixed implementation, this pattern is known as the Pimpl idiom in the ...

  7. Singleton pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern

    A class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern. In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance. It is one of the well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns, which describe how to solve recurring problems in object-oriented software. [1]

  8. Marker interface pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_interface_pattern

    The marker interface pattern is a design pattern in computer science, used with languages that provide run-time type information about objects.It provides a means to associate metadata with a class where the language does not have explicit support for such metadata.

  9. Visitor pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitor_pattern

    The Visitor [1] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known Gang of Four design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.