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They have a history of around 4,000 years in India, first appearing in the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization, reappearing around the 5th century CE, and then constructed until relatively recent times, with some still in use. Many have walls lined with stone brought from elsewhere for the purpose, but many are truly rock-cut.
Stones are still the mainstays of civil construction in India, with stones being used extensively in public buildings, hotels, and temples. They are increasingly being used in homes, with the use of stones now penetrating amongst the growing middle class of India. The success of the commercial stone industry solely depends on defects in rock/stone.
Modern steel making in India began with the setting of first blast furnace of India at Kulti in 1870 and production began in 1874, which was set up by Bengal Iron Works. The Ordnance Factory Board established Metal & Steel Factory (MSF) at Calcutta, in 1872 [ 71 ] [ 72 ] The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established by Dorabji Tata in ...
The Kailasha (IAST: Kailāśa) or Kailashanatha (IAST: Kailāśanātha) temple is the largest of the rock-cut temples at the Ellora Caves in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra of Maharashtra, India. A megalith carved into a cliff face, it is considered one of the most remarkable cave temples in the world because of its size, architecture, and ...
After the Gudimallam lingam (see above), the earliest dynasty of southern India to leave stone sculpture on a large scale was the long-lasting Pallava dynasty which ruled much of south-east India between 275 and 897, although the major sculptural projects come from the later part of the period. A number of significant Hindu temples survive ...
Ancient Indian architecture ranges from the Indian Bronze Age to around 800 CE. By this endpoint Buddhism in India had greatly declined, and Hinduism was predominant, and religious and secular building styles had taken on forms, with great regional variation, which they largely retain even after some forceful changes brought about by the arrival of first Islam, and then Europeans.
Sisters Helena and Barbara Stefaniak had their worlds turned upside down after the start of World War II. The sisters, who were living in Poland, were separated and put into work camps as teens ...
The structural (free-standing) temples at Mamallapuram have been built with cut stones as building blocks, rather than carved into a rock (cave temples) or out of a rock (ratha temples). Surviving examples, fewer in number and representing a different stage, style and sophistication than the other monuments, are some of best examples of early ...