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Molecular mass in atomic mass units; Normal boiling points for pure substances, bubble and dew points for zeotropic blends, or normal boiling point and azeotropic temperature for the azeotropic blends, at 101,325 Pa (1 atmosphere) and in degrees Celsius; Critical temperature in degrees Celsius; Absolute critical pressure in kilopascals
Ammonia forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as I 2, phenol, and Al(CH 3) 3. Ammonia is a hard base (HSAB theory) and its E & C parameters are E B = 2.31 and C B = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots.
The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic or flammable gases, such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, or propane, that could result in fatal accidents when they leaked. [4] In 1928 Thomas Midgley Jr. created the first non-flammable, non-toxic chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon (R-12).
Ammonia is also tolerant to mineral oils and low sensitivity to small amounts of water in the system. [15] The vaporization heat of ammonia is high and the flow rate low, which requires different technologies to be used than other refrigerants. The low flow rate has historically limited ammonia to larger capacity systems. [16]
Common absorption refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very low boiling point (less than −18 °C (0 °F)) just like compressor refrigerators.Compression refrigerators typically use an HCFC or HFC, while absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia or water and need at least a second fluid able to absorb the coolant, the absorbent, respectively water (for ammonia) or brine (for water).
A representative pressure–volume diagram for a refrigeration cycle. Vapour-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), [1] in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air conditioning of buildings and automobiles.
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