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In cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) [1] is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers which is widely adopted for its performance. GCM throughput rates for state-of-the-art, high-speed communication channels can be achieved with inexpensive hardware resources.
Galois/counter mode (GCM) combines the well-known counter mode of encryption with the new Galois mode of authentication. The key feature is the ease of parallel computation of the Galois field multiplication used for authentication. This feature permits higher throughput than encryption algorithms.
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The basic operations of the LRW mode (AES cipher and Galois field multiplication) are the same as the ones used in the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM), thus permitting a compact implementation of the universal LRW/XEX/GCM hardware. The original XEX has a weakness. [12]
Yes, Galois/Counter Mode needs a block cipher, because you cannot run a stream cipher in counter mode, by definition. You can combine a stream cipher with a MAC based on polynomial multiplication in general, in fact, Google in particular does this a lot, but it will not be reasonable to call it GCM.
For traffic flow, AES should be used with either the Counter Mode (CTR) for low bandwidth traffic or the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) mode of operation for high bandwidth traffic (see Block cipher modes of operation) – symmetric encryption; Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) – digital signatures
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In Sophie Germain Counter Mode, it was proposed to use the arithmetic in the finite field of order equal to the safe prime 2 128 + 12451, to counter weaknesses in Galois/Counter Mode using the binary finite field GF(2 128). However, SGCM has been shown to be vulnerable to many of the same cryptographic attacks as GCM. [26]