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The corresponding entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998) reads: Consciousness Philosophers have used the term consciousness for four main topics: knowledge in general, intentionality, introspection (and the knowledge it specifically generates) and phenomenal experience... Something within one's mind is 'introspectively ...
The Conscious Mind has had significant influence on philosophy of mind and the scientific study of consciousness, as is evidenced by Chalmers easy/hard problem distinction having become standard terminology within relevant philosophical and scientific fields. Chalmers has expressed bewilderment at the book's success, writing that it has ...
Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science , the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour.
Some philosophers follow Aristotle in describing metaphysics as "first philosophy", suggesting that it is the most basic inquiry upon which all other branches of philosophy depend in some way. [7] [b] Immanuel Kant conceived metaphysics from the perspective of critical philosophy as the study of the principles underlying all human thought and ...
While neural processes in the brain involve electrochemical interactions among neurons, the subjective experience of consciousness arises from these processes in a way that is not directly reducible to them. This emergence of conscious experience from neural substrates is a central topic in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science. [16]
The universal mind, or universal consciousness, is a metaphysical concept suggesting an underlying essence of all beings and becoming in the universe. It includes the being and becoming that occurred in the universe prior to the emergence of the concept of mind, a term that more appropriately refers to the organic, human aspect of universal consciousness.
Jean-Paul Sartre's exploration of the Void is central to his existentialist philosophy. Sartre argues that consciousness itself is a form of nothingness, or néant, that introduces a fundamental gap between the self and the world. This gap creates a sense of the Void, as consciousness is constantly aware of what it is not—what it lacks or ...
The focus of his work is the theory of perception and consciousness. In addition to these problems in cognitive science and the philosophy of mind , he is interested in analytic phenomenology , the theory of art , Ludwig Wittgenstein , enactivism , and the origins of analytic philosophy .