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Long-latency connections also benefit; in the case of satellites orbiting distant planets, retransmission due to errors would create a delay of several hours. FEC is also widely used in modems and in cellular networks. FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier.
The performance of an echo canceller is measured in echo return loss enhancement (ERLE), [3] [9] which is the amount of additional signal loss applied by the echo canceller. Most echo cancellers are able to apply 18 to 35 dB ERLE. The total signal loss of the echo (ACOM) is the sum of the ERL and ERLE. [9] [10]
Latency depends on packet time, propagation and queuing delays, packet processing overhead, and buffering in the destination device; thus minimum latency is the shortest packet time and network forwarding time, which can be less than 1 μs on a point-to-point Gigabit Ethernet link with minimum packet size, but in real-world networks could be ...
A natural concept for a decoding algorithm for concatenated codes is to first decode the inner code and then the outer code. For the algorithm to be practical it must be polynomial-time in the final block length. Consider that there is a polynomial-time unique decoding algorithm for the outer code.
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Proof. We need to prove that if you add a burst of length to a codeword (i.e. to a polynomial that is divisible by ()), then the result is not going to be a codeword (i.e. the corresponding polynomial is not divisible by ()).
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Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6 implement ECN support for TCP. It is controlled using the Boolean sysctl variables net.inet.tcp.ecn_negotiate_in and net.inet.tcp.ecn_initiate_out . [ 20 ] The first variable enables ECN on incoming connections that already have ECN flags set; the second one tries to initiate outgoing connections with ECN enabled.