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Because of the low (hence the word) abstraction between the language and machine language, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "close to the hardware". Programs written in low-level languages tend to be relatively non-portable, due to being optimized for a certain type of system architecture. [1] [2] [3] [4]
LLVM allows code to be compiled statically, as it is under the traditional GCC system, or left for late-compiling from the IR to machine code via just-in-time compilation (JIT), similar to Java. The type system consists of basic types such as integer or floating-point numbers and five derived types: pointers, arrays, vectors, structures, and ...
Simplified software architecture of GTK, Pango, GDK, ATK, GIO, Cairo and GLib. GLib is a bundle of three (formerly five) low-level system libraries written in C and developed mainly by GNOME. GLib's code was separated from GTK, so it can be used by software other than GNOME and has been developed in parallel ever since.
The level of abstraction that has been kept in mind while programming that software in the first place dictates the necessary effort. The relevant term is of the porting target is computer architecture ; it comprises the instruction set (s) and the microarchitecture (s) of the processor (s), at least of the CPU .
A high-level comparison of in-kernel and kernel-to-userspace APIs and ABIs The Linux kernel and GNU C Library define the Linux API. After compilation, the binaries offer an ABI. Keeping this ABI stable over a long time is important for ISVs. In computer software, an application binary interface (ABI) is an interface between two binary program ...
Generally the operating system provides a library that sits between the operating system and normal user programs. Usually it is a C library such as Glibc or Windows API. The library handles the low-level details of passing information to the kernel and switching to supervisor mode. System calls include close, open, read, wait and write.
An attempt to build a high-performance multiserver operating system was the IBM Sawmill Linux project. [28] However, this project was never completed. It has been shown in the meantime that user-level device drivers can come close to the performance of in-kernel drivers even for such high-throughput, high-interrupt devices as Gigabit Ethernet. [29]
GIO (Gnome Input/Output) is a library, designed to present programmers with a modern and usable interface to a virtual file system. It allows applications to access local and remote files with a single consistent API , which was designed "to overcome the shortcomings of GnomeVFS " and be "so good that developers prefer it over raw POSIX calls."