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  2. Water potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_potential

    Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis , gravity , mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension ).

  3. Electromagnetic absorption by water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption...

    Water vapor concentration for this gas mixture is 0.4%. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect. [25]

  4. Hygroscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopy

    in the condensation of the water-vapour of the air on the cold surface of a glass; in the capillarity of hair, wool, cotton, wood shavings, etc.; in the imbibition of water from the air by gelatine; in the deliquescence of common salt; in the absorption of water from the air by concentrated sulphuric acid; in the behaviour of quicklime". [4]

  5. Lifting gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting_gas

    The gaseous state of water is lighter than air (density 0.804 g/L at STP, average molecular mass 18.015 g/mol) due to water's low molar mass when compared with typical atmospheric gases such as nitrogen gas (N 2). It is non-flammable and much cheaper than helium.

  6. Moisture advection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture_advection

    Using the classical definition of advection, moisture advection is defined as: =in which V is the horizontal wind vector, and is the density of water vapor. However, water vapor content is usually measured in terms of mixing ratio (mass fraction) in reanalyses or dew point (temperature to partial vapor pressure saturation, i.e. relative humidity to 100%) in operational forecasting.

  7. Atmosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere

    In said atmospheric model, the atmospheric pressure, the weight of the mass of the gas, decreases at high altitude because of the diminishing mass of the gas above the point of barometric measurement. The units of air pressure are based upon the standard atmosphere (atm), which is 101,325 Pa (equivalent to 760 Torr or 14.696 psi).

  8. Evapotranspiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration

    Secondly, the amount of energy present in the air and soil (e.g. heat, measured by the global surface temperature); and thirdly the ability of the atmosphere to take up water . Regarding the second factor (energy and heat): climate change has increased global temperatures (see instrumental temperature record ).

  9. Radiative forcing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing

    Radiative forcing is defined in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report as follows: "The change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m 2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change, such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2), the concentration of volcanic aerosols or the output of the Sun." [3]: 2245