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The 7Cs Compass Model extends the 4Cs classification (commodity, cost, communication, channel) with three additional classifications. The 4Cs model provides a demand/customer co-creation alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply side model (product, price, promotion, place) of marketing management. [47] Product → Commodity; Price → Cost
In marketing, the whole product concept is the third iteration of a model originally developed by Philip Kotler, a professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. In his book entitled “Marketing Management” Kotler drew attention to the fact that consumers purchase more than the core product itself. And ...
Megamarketing is a term coined by U.S. marketing academic, Philip Kotler, [1] [2] [3] to describe the type of marketing activity required when it is necessary to manage elements of the firm's external environment (governments, the media, pressure groups, etc.) as well as the marketing variables; Kotler suggests that two more Ps must be added to the marketing mix: public relations and power.
In 1967, Kotler published Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, and Control, [10] now in its 15th edition,{2016} and the world's most widely adopted textbook in graduate schools of business. [ citation needed ] Whereas previous marketing textbooks were highly descriptive, this text was the first to draw on economic science , organizational ...
The marketing mix or marketing program is understood to refer to the "set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market". [40] The traditional marketing mix refers to four broad levels of marketing decision, namely: product , price , promotion , and place .
Kotler suggests a “build-up” approach, where masses of customer data are studied and similarities searched to make up segments that have similar needs, i.e. "assessing the customer base quantitatively and grouping them – i.e. building up – the segments based on similarities in purchasing attitude" (Kotler, 2001).
The extended marketing mix is used in the marketing of services, ideas and customer experiences and typically refers to a model of 7 Ps and includes the original 4 Ps plus process, physical evidence and people. Some texts use a model of 8 Ps and include performance level (service quality) as an 8th P.
More broadly, marketing managers work to design and improve the effectiveness of core marketing processes, such as new product development, brand management, marketing communications, and pricing. Marketers may employ the tools of business process re-engineering to ensure these processes are properly designed, and use a variety of process ...