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Calibration involves taking three readings: one with an empty tube R 0, one with a tube filled with the calibration reference material, and one with the tube filled with the sample R s. Some balances feature an auto-tare function that eliminates the need for the R 0 measurement. [11] The first two readings provide a calibration constant (C).
Schematic diagram of Gouy balance. The Gouy balance, invented by the French physicist Louis Georges Gouy, is a device for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a sample. . The Gouy balance operates on magnetic torque, by placing the sample on a horizontal arm or beam suspended by a thin fiber, and placing either a permanent magnet or electromagnet on the other end of the arm, there is a ...
The current is proportional to the magnetization of the sample - the greater the induced current, the greater the magnetization. As a result, typically a hysteresis curve will be recorded [5] and from there the magnetic properties of the sample can be deduced. The idea of vibrating sample came from D. O. Smith's [6] vibrating-coil magnetometer.
With the Gouy balance the weight change of the sample is measured with an analytical balance when the sample is placed in a homogeneous magnetic field. The measurements are calibrated against a known standard, such as mercury cobalt thiocyanate, HgCo(NCS) 4. Calibration removes the need to know the density of the sample.
B is the magnetic induction, Idℓ is an element of the current, the constant μ 0 is the permeability of free space, and r is the distance between the current and the sensor. As a result, the current can be directly calculated from the magnetic field knowing only the separation between the current and the magnetic field sensor.
The calibration curve that does not use the internal standard method ignores the uncertainty between measurements. The coefficient of determination (R 2) for this plot is 0.9985. In the calibration curve that uses the internal standard, the y-axis is the ratio of the nickel signal to the yttrium signal.
These methods employ a pump-probe setup. In most cases the pump and probe are both generated by a pulsed laser and in the UV region. The pump excites the atom or molecule of interest, and the probe ionizes it. The electrons or positive ions resulting from this event are then detected. As the time delay between the pump and the probe are changed ...
A reciprocating probe is mounted on an arm that is moved into and back out of the plasma, usually in about one second by means of either a pneumatic drive or an electromagnetic drive using the ambient magnetic field. Pop-up probes are similar, but the electrodes rest behind a shield and are only moved the few millimeters necessary to bring them ...
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