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The Bill of Rights 1689 in England and Claim of Right Act 1689 in Scotland established the principles of regular parliaments and free elections, [117] but no significant changes to the electoral franchise had taken place by the time the United Kingdom had come into being.
Local government existed only in rudimentary forms. Much of the civil administration of rural England was carried out by informal, unelected parish councils known as vestries, with criminal matters dealt with by Quarter Sessions and magistrates, and similar arrangements in Scotland.
The three electoral systems used for elections in England are: first-past-the-post (for UK elections and local elections, though individual local authorities are able to move to STV under recent legislation), the additional member system (for Mayor and London Assembly elections) and the supplementary vote (for Police and Crime Commissioner ...
1928: Women in England, Wales and Scotland received the vote on the same terms as men (over the age of 21, without property requirements) as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1928. [64] 1968–1969: The Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) and the Representation of the People Act 1969 reduced the voting age to 18 for men and ...
Rolf, David, ‘The origins of Mr. Speaker’s conference during the First World War’, History, vol. 64, no. 210 (1979), pp. 36-46; Tanner, Duncan, ‘The Parliamentary electoral system, the Fourth Reform Act, and the rise of Labour in England’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vol. 56 (1983), 205-219
Bill of Rights 1689, Claim of Right Act 1689, asserted certain rights of Parliament and the individual, and limited the power of the monarch—the result of the Glorious Revolution. The Second Treatise on Representative Government (1689) outlines John Locke 's ideas for a more civilised society based on natural rights and contract theory .
A property qualification originally barred most commoners from voting or standing for election to the House of Commons of England and Wales (after 1707, of the Kingdom of Great Britain and, after 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).
In rural areas, richer landowners gained voting rights after a slight reduction in the property census. [18] Catholics gained voting rights in 1829, [ c ] [ 21 ] and Jews in 1858. Benjamin Disraeli 's reform in 1867, who was a member of the third government of Edward Smith-Stanley , further lowered the property census (the number of voters ...