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Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), formerly known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), is a congenital disorder of the lung similar to bronchopulmonary sequestration. In CPAM, usually an entire lobe of lung is replaced by a non-working cystic piece of abnormal lung tissue.
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (formerly called congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation) Maternal syphilis and maternal diabetes mellitus; Alpha-thalassemia can also cause hydrops fetalis when all four of the genetic loci for α globin are deleted or affected by mutation. This is termed Hb Barts (consists of y-4 tetramers).
The results of the blood test are then combined with the NT ultrasound measurements, maternal age, and gestational age of the fetus to yield a risk score for Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and trisomy 13. First Trimester Combined Test has a sensitivity (i.e. detection rate for abnormalities) of 82–87% and a false-positive rate of around 5%. [73] [74]
This scan is conducted between 18 and 22 weeks' gestation, but most often performed at 19 weeks, as a component of routine prenatal care.Prior to 18 weeks' gestation, the fetal organs may be of insufficient size and development to allow for ultrasound evaluation.
Maternal–fetal medicine (MFM), also known as perinatology, is a branch of medicine that focuses on managing health concerns of the mother and fetus prior to, during, and shortly after pregnancy. Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are physicians who subspecialize within the field of obstetrics. [ 1 ]
The hemoglobin alkaline denaturation test can detect the presence of maternal blood, which is indicated by a color change from red to brown when the sample is added to alkali reagent. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Blood typing would also detect maternal blood, as the I antigen only occurs in adults. [ 12 ]
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Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is a quantitative estimate of amniotic fluid [1] and an indicator of fetal well-being. It is a separate measurement from the biophysical profile. [1]