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Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
In computing, a hash table is a data structure that implements an associative array, also called a dictionary or simply map; an associative array is an abstract data type that maps keys to values. [2] A hash table uses a hash function to compute an index, also called a hash code, into an array of buckets or slots, from which the desired value ...
A tabular data card proposed for Babbage's Analytical Engine showing a key–value pair, in this instance a number and its base-ten logarithm. A key–value database, or key–value store, is a data storage paradigm designed for storing, retrieving, and managing associative arrays, and a data structure more commonly known today as a dictionary or hash table.
Reference, sometimes erroneously referred to as a pointer or handle, is a value that refers to another value, possibly including itself; Symbol, a unique identifier; Enumerated type, a set of symbols; Complex, representation of complex numbers
Consequently, while these databases excel at basic CRUD operations and key-based lookups, their suitability for complex queries involving joins or non-indexed filtering varies depending on the database type—document, key-value, wide-column, or graph—and the specific implementation.
A graph database (GDB) is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. [1] A key concept of the system is the graph (or edge or relationship).
In Python, == compares by value. Python's is operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained—for example, a <= b <= c. Python uses and, or, and not as Boolean operators. Python has a type of expression named a list comprehension, and a more general expression named a generator ...
An alternative approach, called key strengthening, deploys two salts, one public and one secret, but then (unlike in key stretching) securely deletes the secret salt. This forces both the attacker and legitimate users to perform a brute-force search for the secret salt value.