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Six Hox genes are dispersed in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm. [10]: fig. 3 Hydra and Nematostella vectensis, both in the phylum Cnidaria, have a few Hox/ParaHox-like homeobox genes. [55] [11] Hox gene expression has also been studied in brachiopods, [56] annelids, [57] and a suite of molluscs. [58]
Oftentimes, lncRNAs are not free-floating in the nucleus and are attached to chromosomes. [2] Studies regarding HOX genes have found that lncRNAs are highly expressed in relation to the homeobox genes. Known antisense HOX lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, are scaffolds where transcription factors bind, which makes them mediators of epigenetic regulation.
Homeobox protein Hox-C6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC6 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Hox-C6 expression is highest in the fallopian tube and ovary. [ 8 ] HoxC6 has been highly expressed in many types of cancers including prostate, breast, and esophageal squamous cell cancer.
The mir-10 genes are found within the Hox gene clusters. In mammals there are four Hox gene clusters, these contain five genes encoding miRNAs (mir-10a, mir-10b, mir-196a-1, mir-196a-2 and mir-196b). The mir-10a gene is located upstream of Hoxb4 and the mir-10b gene is located upstream of Hoxd4. [9]
HOXC10 is overexpressed in breast cancer and transcriptionally regulated by estrogen via involvement of histone methylases MLL3 and MLL4. [7] Methylation of the estrogen-repressed gene HOXC10 in breast cancer determines resistance to aromatase inhibitors. This epigenetic reprogramming of HOXC10 is observed in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. [8]
Hox genes are found in bilateral animals, including Drosophila (in which they were first discovered) and humans. Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes. The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans. In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of ...
15394 Ensembl ENSG00000105991 ENSMUSG00000029844 UniProt P49639 P09022 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_153620 NM_005522 NM_010449 NM_001311118 RefSeq (protein) NP_005513 NP_705873 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 27.09 – 27.1 Mb Chr 6: 52.13 – 52.14 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Homeobox protein Hox-A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA1 gene. Gene Two transcript ...
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes. [1]If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduce scarring and fibrosis after surgery.