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Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce.Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics.
A portable embedded system for microbial concentration measurement in liquid and semi-liquid media using impedance microbiology has been recently proposed. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The system is composed of a thermoregulated incubation chamber where the sample under test is stored and a controller for thermoregulation and impedance measurements.
While the human gut microbiome shifted over time, microbial metabolic functions remained consistent, including carbohydrate, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism. [13] A similar study done in 2017 by Maier et al. combined metaproteomics with metagenomics and metabolomics to show the effects of resistant starch on the human intestinal microbiome.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
A large number of studies have demonstrated the metabolism of over 50 drugs by the gut microbiota. [ 107 ] [ 98 ] For example, lovastatin (a cholesterol-lowering agent) which is a lactone prodrug is partially activated by the human gut microbiota forming active acid hydroxylated metabolites. [ 104 ]
Venn diagram showing pharmacomicrobiomics as a sub-field of genomics, microbiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacomicrobiomics, proposed by Prof. Marco Candela for the ERC-2009-StG project call (proposal n. 242860, titled "PharmacoMICROBIOMICS, study of the microbiome determinants of the different drug responses between individuals"), and publicly coined for the first time in 2010 by Rizkallah et ...
A scanning electron microscope image of a single neutrophil (yellow/right), engulfing anthrax bacteria (orange/left) – scale bar is 5 μm (false color). The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
This pathway integrates information about the concentrations of various metabolites including amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and nucleotides. Consequently, UDP-GlcNAc levels are sensitive to cellular metabolite levels. OGT activity is in part regulated by UDP-GlcNAc concentration, making a link between cellular nutrient status and O ...