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z Uses 8b/10b encoding, meaning that 20% of each transfer is used by the interface instead of carrying data from between the hardware components at each end of the interface. For example, a single link PCIe 1.0 has a 2.5 Gbit/s transfer rate, yet its usable bandwidth is only 2 Gbit/s (250 MB/s).
IEEE 1394 is a serial bus architecture for high-speed data transfer, serial meaning that information is transferred one bit at a time. Parallel buses utilize a number of different physical connections, and as such are usually more costly and typically heavier. [6] IEEE 1394 fully supports both isochronous and asynchronous applications.
Profibus (usually styled as PROFIBUS, as a portmanteau for Process Field Bus) is a standard for fieldbus communication in automation technology and was first promoted in 1989 by BMBF (German department of education and research) and then used by Siemens. [1] It should not be confused with the Profinet standard for Industrial Ethernet. Profibus ...
Modern high speed serial interfaces such as PCIe [2] [3] [4] send data several bits at a time using modulation/encoding techniques such as PAM4 which groups 2 bits at a time into a single symbol, and several symbols are still sent one at the time. This replaces PAM2 or non return to zero (NRZ) which only sends one bit at a time, or in other ...
The protocol was openly documented [1] and over time used for industrial automation applications. PieP – An Open Fieldbus Protocol; Profibus – by PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) PROFINET - by PROFIBUS & PROFINET International (PI) RAPIEnet – Real-time Automation Protocols for Industrial Ethernet
The ISQ symbols for the bit and byte are bit and B, respectively.In the context of data-rate units, one byte consists of 8 bits, and is synonymous with the unit octet.The abbreviation bps is often used to mean bit/s, so that when a 1 Mbps connection is advertised, it usually means that the maximum achievable bandwidth is 1 Mbit/s (one million bits per second), which is 0.125 MB/s (megabyte per ...
IEC 61850 is an international standard defining communication protocols for intelligent electronic devices at electrical substations.It is a part of the International Electrotechnical Commission's (IEC) Technical Committee 57 reference architecture for electric power systems. [1]
Before the development of high-speed serial technologies, the choice of parallel links over serial links was driven by these factors: Speed: Superficially, the speed of a parallel data link is equal to the number of bits sent at one time times the bit rate of each individual path; doubling the number of bits sent at once doubles the data rate.
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