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An anthracite coal breaker and power house buildings in New Mexico, c. 1935 "Anthracite is a 'fighting fuel'", a World War II poster promoting anthracite, which was used extensively in military production. In southwest Wales, anthracite has been burned as a domestic fuel since at least medieval times, [16] when it was mined near Saundersfoot.
The Lehigh Coal Mine Company first used coal commercially in 1792. The company was founded after German immigrant Philip Ginder discovered beds of the anthracite “stone coal” near Summit Hill in 1791 while out hunting. [15]
Metallurgical coal is low in ash, moisture, sulfur and phosphorus content, and its rank is usually bituminous.Some grades of anthracite coal are used for sintering, pulverized coal injection, direct blast furnace charge, pelletizing, and in production of ferro-alloys, silicon-manganese, calcium-carbide and silicon-carbide.
In 1810, 176,000 short tons of bituminous coal, and 2,000 tons of anthracite coal, were mined in the United States. American coal mining grew rapidly in the early 1820s, doubling or tripling every decade. Anthracite mining overtook bituminous coal mining in the 1840s; from 1843 through 1868, more anthracite was mined than bituminous coal.
The average heat content of mined US coal has declined over the years as higher-rank coal production (anthracite, and then bituminous coal) declined, and production of lower rank coal (Sub-bituminous and lignite) increased. The average heat content of US-mined coal decreased 21% from 1950 to 2016, and 6.8% in the 20 years from 1996 to 2016. [77]
Anthracite coal, the highest rank of coal, is a harder, glossy black coal used primarily for residential and commercial space heating. Graphite , a difficult to ignite coal which is mostly used in pencils, or powdered for lubrication .
Anthracite coal began to be widely used in Wales in 1813 and France by 1814, and throughout the eastern United States by 1828. [11] [13] Efforts were soon made to discover ways to process anthracite coal to achieve the desired uniformity. The modern coal breaker can be traced to 1844. [4]
The resultant heat was used to preheat the air blown into the furnace. [69] Hot blast enabled the use of raw anthracite coal, which was difficult to light, in the blast furnace. Anthracite was first tried successfully by George Crane at Ynyscedwyn Ironworks in south Wales in 1837. [70]
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