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Non-cellular life, also known as acellular life, is life that exists without a cellular structure for at least part of its life cycle. [1] Historically, most definitions of life postulated that an organism must be composed of one or more cells, [2] but, for some, this is no longer considered necessary, and modern criteria allow for forms of life based on other structural arrangements.
[1] [2] There are two main types: whole-cell vaccines and acellular vaccines. [1] [2] The whole-cell vaccine is about 78% effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–85% effective. [1] [3] The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% per year after vaccination with a more rapid decrease with the acellular ...
DTaP (also DTP and TDaP) is a combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, in which the pertussis component is acellular. [25] This is in contrast to whole-cell, inactivated DTP (or DTwP). [9] The acellular vaccine uses selected antigens of the pertussis pathogen to induce immunity. [17]
Some biologists use the term "acellular" to refer to multinucleate cell forms (syncitia and plasmodia), such as to differentiate "acellular" slime molds from the purely "cellular" ones (which do not form such structures). [6] [7] [8] This usage is incorrect and highly misleading to laymen, and as such it is discouraged.
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. [1] [2] All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. [3] Cell biology is the study of the structural and functional ...
The first cementum to be formed during tooth development is acellular extrinsic fibre cementum. [11] [12] The acellular layer of cementum is living tissue that does not incorporate cells into its structure and usually predominates on the coronal half of the root; cellular cementum occurs more frequently on the apical half. [8]
Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells. Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, these experiments cast doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium/potassium pump.
Whole-cell pertussis vaccine stimulates natural infection better than the acellular pertussis vaccine. [4] [5]Even though cell-mediated immunity persists in patients received with the acellular pertussis vaccine, stronger lymphocytic proliferation, specifically memory T helper 1 cell and T helper 17 cells and cytokine responses are observed in patients received with the whole cell pertussis ...