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In flight a powered aircraft can be considered as being acted on by four forces: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. [1] Thrust is the force generated by the engine (whether that engine be a jet engine, a propeller, or -- in exotic cases such as the X-15-- a rocket) and acts in a forward direction for the purpose of overcoming drag. [2]
Forces acting on an airplane in steady level longitudinal flight, also known as straight and level flight, with a very small angle of attack. In steady level longitudinal flight, thrust counterbalances drag and lift supports the aircraft's weight.
Bank angle μ: represents a rotation of the lift force around the velocity vector, which may indicate whether the airplane is turning. When performing the rotations described above to obtain the body frame from the Earth frame, there is this analogy between angles: σ, ψ (heading vs yaw) γ, θ (Flight path vs pitch) μ, φ (Bank vs Roll)
Both forces act locally. The net aerodynamic force on the body is equal to the pressure and shear forces integrated over the body's total exposed area. [4] When an airfoil moves relative to the air, it generates an aerodynamic force determined by the velocity of relative motion, and the angle of attack.
Forces of flight on a powered aircraft in unaccelerated level flight. Understanding the motion of air around an object (often called a flow field) enables the calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. In many aerodynamics problems, the forces of interest are the fundamental forces of flight: lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Of ...
Flight dynamics in aviation and spacecraft, is the study of the performance, stability, and control of vehicles flying through the air or in outer space. [1] It is concerned with how forces acting on the vehicle determine its velocity and attitude with respect to time.
The main control surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft are attached to the airframe on hinges or tracks so they may move and thus deflect the air stream passing over them. This redirection of the air stream generates an unbalanced force to rotate the plane about the associated axis. Flight control surfaces of Boeing 727
The distribution of forces on a wing in flight are both complex and varying. This image shows the forces for two typical airfoils, a symmetrical design on the left, and an asymmetrical design more typical of low-speed designs on the right. This diagram shows only the lift components; the similar drag considerations are not illustrated.