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[14] [15] Liothyronine (synthetic T 3) is a type of thyroid hormone and has been associated with improvement in mood and depression symptoms. Benzodiazepines may improve treatment-resistant depression by decreasing the adverse side effects caused by some antidepressants and therefore increasing patient compliance. [16]
A long-term case series study by Kelly and Lieberman of 17 patients with major refractory unipolar depression found that 14 patients showed sustained improvement of symptoms over an average timespan of two years, in some cases with higher doses of T 3 than the traditional 50 μg required to achieve therapeutic effect, with an average of 80 μg ...
It is known that even subclinical hypothyroidism can blunt a patient's response to both mood stabilizers and antidepressants. Furthermore, preliminary research into the use of thyroid augmentation in patients with refractory and rapid-cycling bipolar disorder has been positive, showing a slowing in cycle frequency and reduction in symptoms.
In older patients, emotional instability may be less evident, or depression may occur, and the symptoms and signs are manifestly circulatory. In many, the thyroid is not readily palpable. [4] Symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath on exertion, and edema may predominate. Older patients also tend to have more weight loss and less ...
[5] [10] Ιn fasting animals, administering leptin reverses NTIS symptoms and restores thyroid hormone concentrations. [5] In obesity, increased leptin increases TSH and T3, and lowers rT3, possibly as an attempt to increase energy expenditure and return to weight set point. [2] Other signals associated with hunger also affect the HPT axis.
There are many psychiatric and medical conditions that may mimic some or all of the symptoms of depression or may occur comorbid to it. [11] [12] [13] A disorder either psychiatric or medical that shares symptoms and characteristics of another disorder, and may be the true cause of the presenting symptoms is known as a differential diagnosis. [14]
Symptoms must also cause clinically significant distress in important areas of everyday life (eg. social or occupational). [22] For a diagnosis of a major depressive episode, the patient must also not have a history of manic or hypomanic episodes and their symptoms cannot meet the criteria for a mixed episode .
For patients taking levothyroxine, TSH may be boosted by discontinuing levothyroxine for 3–6 weeks. [6] This long period of hormone withdrawal is required because of levothyroxine's relatively long biological half-life, and may result in symptoms of hypothyroidism in the patient. The shorter half-life of liothyronine permits a withdrawal ...