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One of the most common examples of an algebraic data type is the singly linked list. A list type is a sum type with two variants, Nil for an empty list and Cons x xs for the combination of a new element x with a list xs to create a new list. Here is an example of how a singly linked list would be declared in Haskell:
Integers in the same congruence class a ≡ b (mod n) satisfy gcd(a, n) = gcd(b, n); hence one is coprime to n if and only if the other is. Thus the notion of congruence classes modulo n that are coprime to n is well-defined. Since gcd(a, n) = 1 and gcd(b, n) = 1 implies gcd(ab, n) = 1, the set of classes coprime to n is closed under ...
In abstract algebra, a conjugacy class sum, or simply class sum, is a function defined for each conjugacy class of a finite group G as the sum of the elements in that conjugacy class. The class sums of a group form a basis for the center of the associated group algebra .
The input and output domains may be the same, such as for SUM, or may be different, such as for COUNT. Aggregate functions occur commonly in numerous programming languages, in spreadsheets, and in relational algebra. The listagg function, as defined in the SQL:2016 standard [2] aggregates data from multiple rows into a single concatenated string.
The resulting algebraic object satisfies the axioms for a group. Specifically: Associativity The binary operation on G × H is associative. Identity The direct product has an identity element, namely (1 G, 1 H), where 1 G is the identity element of G and 1 H is the identity element of H.
The external direct sum of a set of groups {H i} (written as Σ E {H i}) is the subset of Π{H i}, where, for each element g of Σ E {H i}, g i is the identity for all but a finite number of g i (equivalently, only a finite number of g i are not the identity). The group operation in the external direct sum is pointwise multiplication, as in the ...
MongoDB can be used as a file system, called GridFS, with load-balancing and data-replication features over multiple machines for storing files. This function, called a grid file system, [36] is included with MongoDB drivers. MongoDB exposes functions for file manipulation and content to developers.
This is a list of well-known data structures. For a wider list of terms, see list of terms relating to algorithms and data structures. For a comparison of running times for a subset of this list see comparison of data structures.